From the water we drink, to the food we eat, to the clothes we wear, water and its quality impact Texans’ daily lives. In honor of National Water Quality Month in August, the Texas Water Resources Institute provides an introduction into the realm of water quality in Texas.
- What is water quality, and why is it important?
Water quality is the quantification of a water source to meet the chemical, biological and physical requirements for designated waterbody uses. These include human and environmental uses. Although all types of water are evaluated on these specific characteristics, the criteria vary depending on its intended use. For example, water that meets the requirements to meet aquatic life needs may not meet suitability criteria for direct human consumption.
Because it is crucial to all living organisms, water quality plays a critical role in ecosystem health. By supporting and maintaining water quality efforts, communities can secure benefits in public health, the environment and water in general.
- What laws and policies are in place to protect water quality in Texas?
The Clean Water Act plays a critical role in safeguarding the nation’s water quality by establishing a framework and expectations for regulating pollutant discharges nationwide. The establishment of water quality standards and their implementation is delegated to the states. In Texas, the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) is the agency tasked with establishing and implementing state water quality standards, criteria and issuing permits for pollutant discharges as required through the Clean Water Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act. TCEQ and other state agencies implement these federal laws through various statewide programs, such as the Texas Clean Rivers Program, Nonpoint Source Program, and many others.
- Who monitors and regulates water quality in Texas?
TCEQ is responsible for the evaluation and monitoring of surface and drinking water quality throughout the state of Texas. This is done through programs such as the Surface Water Quality Monitoring Program (SWQM) and the Continuous Water Quality Monitoring Network Program (CWQMN). Additionally, TCEQ partners with other organizations through the Texas Clean Rivers program to conduct water quality monitoring at approximately 1,800 sampling sites statewide.
- How is water quality measured? What factors affect it?
Surface water quality is evaluated on a multitude of chemical, physical and biological characteristics for its associated use. These include parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), common nutrient concentrations and even E. coli contamination.
During groundwater evaluation, specialists are examining total coliforms (specific types of bacteria), pH levels, total dissolved solids, nitrates and other chemicals that are known to affect geographical areas to assess the overall quality of the water.
“Many things affect water quality,” said TWRI Associate Director and Chief Science Officer Lucas Gregory, Ph.D. “Surface water quality is strongly influenced by the land and uses of that land during runoff produced from rain events.”
Discharges of wastewater also have a considerable influence on water quality, especially if those wastewater sources are not meeting their respective permit limits. Non-permitted discharges and illegal dumping also adversely affect water quality. Groundwater can similarly be influenced by activities on the land’s surface, Gregory said. The geology of aquifers also influences water quality with many naturally occurring contaminants such as arsenic, nitrate, uranium and others being naturally present in some places.
- What is TWRI’s role in water quality research and outreach?
Texas is home to 23 river basins, 200 major reservoirs and more than 191,000 miles of rivers and streams. Hundreds of these water bodies do not meet the water quality standards established by the state.
Restoring and protecting these waters is critical to support economic growth, ecological sustainability, public health and food production across the state. TWRI is uniquely suited to address these water quality challenges and has helped restore and improve water ways around Texas. The institute works with stakeholders to use sound science and public participation to not only restore impaired water bodies but also proactively protect unimpaired watersheds across Texas, while also protecting human health.
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